Methods of making formulations to affect insect behavior and/or bird behavior

ABSTRACT

Various exemplary compounds, compositions, methods and devices are disclosed. An exemplary composition or formulation includes methyl anthranilate, fatty acid and an amine such as, but not limited to, monoethanolamine or triethanolamine. Such an exemplary composition is optionally an emulsion. An exemplary method applies an exemplary compound to an insect nest. Such an exemplary compound may be in a composition or formulation. Exemplary compounds optionally include semiochemicals of insects, plants and/or animals. Other exemplary compounds, compositions, methods and devices are also disclosed.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationhaving Ser. No. 11/238,675, filed on Sep. 29, 2005 (issued as U.S. Pat.No. 7,867,479), which is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of co-pending U.S.patent application having Ser. No. 10/447,656, filed on May 28, 2003,which are both incorporated herein by reference. The U.S. patentapplication having Ser. No. 11/238,675 claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application having Ser. No. 60/614,956, filed Sep. 29, 2004,which is incorporated herein by reference including the text, figuresand appendix thereof.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject matter disclosed herein generally relates to compounds,compositions, methods, devices to manage insects or birds.

BACKGROUND

Insecticides are often used to manage insects in or on plants. Mostinsecticides require contacting an insect to work effectively. Whereinsects exist on an exposed surface of a plant, contact may be readilyachieved via spraying or other delivering means. However, where insectsexist at least partially in a plant (e.g., in a stem, in a leaf, in afruit, in a seed, etc.), contacting often becomes more difficult orpractically impossible. The plant, or relevant part thereof, can createa barrier that slows transport of an insecticide. Further, an insectresiding at least partially in a plant, or relevant part thereof, mayexist in a favorable environment where effectiveness of an insecticideis reduced. For example, if an insect resides in a seed, the seed mayact as a barrier to transport and as a shelter from unfavorableenvironmental conditions. Under such circumstances, the insect may beexposed to the insecticide at a tolerable rate (e.g., where metabolismcan break down the insecticide and thereby prevent accumulation of afatal concentration of insecticide). Exposure at tolerable levels maylead to an increase in insect tolerance to the insecticide and hence adecrease in effectiveness of the insecticide. At worst, the insecticidecan longer achieve acceptable insect kill rates. Therefore, a needexists for means to affect insect behavior in a manner that increasesand/or maintains insecticide effectiveness. Various exemplary compounds,compositions, methods, devices, etc., described herein aim to meet thisneed and/or other needs. Other needs addressed herein include those thatpertain to formulations, which are essentially compositions generallyaimed as marketable products having characteristics that improvestorage, delivery, effectiveness, etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a photograph comparing a bird repellant with an emulsion usingan alkali metal salt with an emulsion using an amine-based functionalgroup.

FIG. 2 is a photograph comparing a bird repellant with an emulsion usingan alkali metal salt with an emulsion using an amine-based functionalgroup.

FIG. 3 is a photograph comparing a triethanolamine emulsion and a methylanthranilate emulsion added to a standard bird repellant emulsion.

FIG. 4 is a photograph showing a triethanolamine emulsion diluted toapplication strength.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description includes the best mode presently contemplatedfor practicing various described implementations. This description isnot to be taken in a limiting sense, but rather is made merely for thepurpose of describing the general principles of the variousimplementations. The scope of the described implementations should beascertained with reference to the issued claims.

Overview

Exemplary compositions, formulations, methods, devices, etc., includeone or more exemplary compounds that can affect insect behavior or birdbehavior. Where insects are involved, such compounds generally act tostimulate insects wherein the term “stimulate” includes, but is notlimited to, irritate, attract, alarm and/or repel. Hence, at times, suchcompounds may be 10 referred to as stimulants with stimulationsubclasses such as attractant, repellant, irritant, etc. Of course, suchcompounds may affect other insect behavior. Further, such compounds mayact as and/or be insect semiochemicals. Yet further, such compounds mayact as bird repellents. As described herein, semiochemicals include, butare not limited to, pheromones, allomones, and kairomones. Suchexemplary compositions, formulations, methods, devices, etc., optionallyinclude adjuvant use (e.g., to modify or facilitates the action ofanother treatment).

An exemplary composition includes an insecticide and one or moreexemplary compounds that can affect insect behavior. Another exemplarycomposition includes one or more exemplary compounds that can affectinsect behavior and an insect mutagen, teratogen and/or other compoundthat can otherwise affect insect genetics. Various exemplarycompositions include one or more exemplary compounds that can affectinsect behavior and that can act as a bird repellent.

An exemplary method includes applying one or more exemplary compoundsthat can affect insect behavior to a plant and applying an insect toxin(e.g., insecticide, etc.) to the plant. Another exemplary methodincludes applying an exemplary composition to a plant, wherein thecomposition includes an insect toxin and one or more exemplary compoundsthat can affect insect behavior. Various exemplary methods apply anexemplary compound that can affect insect behavior and that can act as abird repellent.

Exemplary Compounds for Affecting Insect Behavior

Exemplary compositions, formulation, devices, methods, etc., include oneor more compounds that can affect insect behavior. Such compounds may 10be stimulants that may irritate, attract, alarm and/or repel one or moreinsect species. Of course, such compounds may affect other insectbehavior.

Further, such compounds may act as and/or be insect semiochemicals. Yetfurther, such compounds may act as bird repellents (i.e., affect birdbehavior). Compounds that can affect insect behavior typically includesaturated and unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds. Some exemplary compoundsinclude cyclic carbon-carbon bonds. Some exemplary compounds includearomatic carbon-carbon bonds. Most exemplary compounds include at leastone oxygen atom bound to at least one carbon atom. Such compounds mayexist as aldehydes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, ketones, esters, ethersand/or other types of compounds. Of course, depending on pH, etc.,deprotonation or protonation may occur or a compound may exist as asalt. With respect to salts, any suitable counter ion may suffice, suchas, but not limited to, sodium ions, potassium ions, ammonium ions,monoethanolamine ions, diethanolamine ions, triethanolamine ions, and/orother nitrogen containing ions.

Further, exemplary compounds that exist as ions may be paired with otherionic chemical species. For example, an exemplary compound that includesan amine may serve as a counter ion to an anionic chemical speciesand/or to neutralize an acid.

Some exemplary compounds that can affect insect behavior (e.g.,stimulate insects) exist as non-cyclic alcohols. For example,3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-I-ol (formula weight of approximately 154 andmarketed as Geraniol 980™, IFF, New Jersey) includes saturated andunsaturated carbon-carbon bonds and may exist as an alcohol and3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol (formula weight of approximately 156 andmarketed as Citronellol 950™; IFF, New Jersey) includes saturated andunsaturated carbon-carbon bonds and may exist as an alcohol.

Some exemplary compounds include a six carbon aromatic ring (e.g., abenzene ring) having one or more moieties (e.g., group or chain) boundthereto. In general, such exemplary aromatic compounds include a moietythat includes at least one oxygen atom. For example, methyl anthranilate(formula weight of approximately 151 and also known as methyl2-aminobenzoate and having isomers methyl 3-aminobenzoate, etc.) has anester moiety and 4-pentenophenone (formula weight of approximately 160and marketed as 20 LAVONAX™, IFF, New Jersey) has a ketone moiety. Otherexemplary compounds, such as, bisabolene (formula weight ofapproximately 204), include an unsaturated six carbon ring and do notinclude any oxygen atoms.

An example structure for the exemplary compound methyl anthranilate(e.g., methyl 2-aminobenzoate, C₈H₉NO₂, formula weight approx. 151) isshown below as structure 1:

Methyl anthranilate, having an amine group, may act as a base, forexample, capable of neutralizing acids.

An example structure for the exemplary compound 4-pentenophenone (e.g.,1-phenylpent-4-en-1-one, C₁₁H₁₂O, formula weight approx. 160) is shownbelow as structure 2:

Based on the example structures 1 and 2, some exemplary compoundsinclude a general structure given by structure 3:

In the example structure 3, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are selected froma group that includes atoms H, N, C, and O. For example, in structure 1,R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are H, R₅ is N (e.g., —NH₂) and R₆ is 0 (e.g.,—OCH₃), while in structure 2, R₁-R₅ are H and R₆ is C (e.g., —C₄H₇). Theexample structure 3 has at least seven carbon atoms and at least oneoxygen atom. In a simple form, the example structure 3 is benzaldehyde,which has a formula weight of approximately 106 (e.g., R₁-R₆ are H).

Some exemplary compounds include more than one cyclic carbon ring. Forexample, 2-naphthaldehyde, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-8,8-dimethyl(formula weight of approximately 196 and marketed as CYCLEMONE A™ andMELAFLEUR™, IFF, New Jersey) includes two adjoined cyclic carbon ringsand an aldehyde moiety bound to one of the carbon rings and, thecommercial 15 product CYCLEMONE™, may include a ketone moiety bound to acarbon atom of one of the rings.

Some exemplary compounds include one or more nitrogen atoms. Suchexemplary compounds may include an aromatic ring having a primary, 20secondary, tertiary and/or quaternary amine nitrogen atom bound to acarbon atom of the aromatic ring. For example, aminobenzene (e.g.,aniline, phenylamine, etc.) includes a primary amine nitrogen atom boundto an aromatic ring, the aforementioned exemplary compound methylanthranilate includes an amine moiety bound to an aromatic ring andanother exemplary compound includes a carbon bound to a nitrogen atom ofa methyl anthranilate via a carbon-nitrogen double bond wherein thecarbon atom is further bound to a carbon chain (e.g., an aldimine) thatincludes an aromatic six carbon ring.

Other exemplary compounds having a nitrogen moiety include, but are notlimited to, anthranilic acid (formula weight of approximately 137 andalso known as 2-aminobenzoic acid, etc.) and p- or o-aminoacetophenoneor other variants thereof (formula weight of approximately 135), whichincludes a ketone moiety. Referring again to the example structure 3,anthranilic acid corresponds to an R_(x), where x is a number from 1 to5, of N (e.g., —NH₂) and R₆ of 0 (e.g., —OH as a protonated acid) andp-, o-, aminoacetophenone corresponds to an R_(x), where x is a numberfrom 1 to 5, of N (e.g., —NH₂) and R₆ of C (e.g., —CH₃).

Further, an exemplary compound may include a ring wherein the ringincludes a nitrogen atom. For example, methyl nicotinate (formula weightof approximately 137 and a methyl ester of nicotinic acid) includes anitrogen atom in a ring that also includes five carbon atoms. Exemplarycompounds may include methyl-N methyl anthranilate (formula weight ofapproximately 165), which has a secondary amine nitrogen that does notform Schiff bases with aldehydes and hence has little or no tendency toform complexes with aldehydes, etc., which may discolor or reduceefficacy (e.g., due to “sugar-amine” browning, etc.).

Another exemplary compound is methyl salicylate (C₈H₈0₃, formula weightof approximately 151). With respect to example structure 3, R_(x), wherex is a number from 1 to 5, is 0 (e.g., —OH) and R₆ is 0 (e.g., —OCH₃).

Various aforementioned exemplary compounds have been shown to affectinsect behavior while other exemplary compounds include structuralsimilarities and/or moieties of such exemplary compounds. Variousaforementioned exemplary compounds have been shown to act as insectsemiochemicals while other exemplary compounds include structuralsimilarities and/or moieties of such exemplary compounds. Exemplarycompounds include semiochemicals or analogs thereof (e.g., natural orsynthetic) that may be released by insects, plants, animals, etc.Further, an exemplary compound may affect different insects differently.

In particular, various aforementioned exemplary compounds that include anitrogen atom have been shown to affect insect behavior. For example,methyl anthranilate and methyl nicotinate are insect semiochemicalsreleased from the postpygidial gland of worker African army ants (e.g.,Aenictinae Aenictus sp. nova, other Aenictus, etc.) ando-aminoacetophenone is an insect semiochemical released from queen honeybees (e.g., Apis mellifera L., other Apis, etc.) and apparently not fromworker bees. During fights, queens often release rectal fluid with astrong smell of grapes, after which they temporarily stop fighting. Thefluid, which includes o-aminoacetophenone, has an effect on behavior ofworker bees. In small groups, the exemplary compound o-aminoacetophonerepels bees and helps to terminate agonistic interactions between queenand worker bees. The exemplary compounds methyl anthranilate ando-aminoacetophone have also been shown to exhibit repellency to birds.In general, a semiochemical is a chemical produced by an animal, aninsect and/or a plant, or a synthetic analog thereof, capable ofaffecting insect behavior. In some examples, a semiochemical is achemical produced by an animal, an insect and/or a plant that plays arole in ecological interactions between an insect and animals, insectsand/or plants.

Exemplary compounds include semiochemicals released by insects of theaculeate or order Hymenoptera(e.g., sawflies, parasitic wasps, wasps,ants, and bees). Exemplary compounds from the order Hymenoptera includethose of the genus Apis and genus Aenictus. Exemplary compounds alsoinclude compounds released by insects of the order Isoptera(e.g.,termites) whereas others include compounds released by insects of theorders Homoptera(Aphididae) and/or Thysanoptera. The order Hymenopteraincludes the primary angiosperm pollinators (bees) and natural predatorsand parasitoids (ants, aculeate wasps, Parasitica) of other insects inmany terrestrial biomes, and they have commensurate economic value inplaying the same beneficial roles in crop pollination and in the controlof harmful insects in agroecosystems. In general, bees can act aspollinators, not only of various crop plants, but of most of the knownflowering plants.

Ants and wasps are important predators on insects, spiders and otherarthropods and, less commonly, on small vertebrates. The larvae of bothgroups are largely, if not entirely, carnivorous. Since colonypopulations of some species of ants are often in excess of 50,000larvae, it follows that considerable quantities of insect prey arecollected by the foraging workers in order to feed these larvae. Hence,semiochemicals related to foraging and fighting can play an importantrole in survival. In particular, chemical communication via specialalarm and/or attack semiochemicals can aid in insect defense and/orattack. For example, a semiochemical may deter predators and/or affectbehavior of prey. Consider the exemplary compound methyl anthranilate,which deters birds and, as described in more detail below, affectsbehavior of insects that may be prey to Hymenoptera and/or Isoptera.

With respect to ants (e.g., Formicidae), Aenictinae includes truelegionary or army ants belonging to the genus Aenictus. Legionary antsare known to be group raiders that do not have established nests andknown to be specialized predators of other ant species. Further,colonies typically have a single queen and may number into the hundredsof thousands. The exemplary compounds methyl anthranilate and methylnicotinate have been shown to be trail semiochemicals for Aenictus.Further, methyl anthranilate has been shown to trigger flight of sexualsfrom nest (e.g., Camponotus spp.).

With respect to bees, Apis includes honeybees (Apis spp., esp. A.mellifera). The exemplary compounds geraniol, nerol, neral, geranial,1-heptanol, 2-phenyl-ethanol, nerolicacid, and geranolic acid have beenshown to affect behavior of bees (e.g., Panurgus banksianus, P.calacaratus). Further, the exemplary compound 3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol(e.g., citronella') has been shown to affect behavior (e.g., act as aterritory marker) of bees (e.g., Apidae, Psithyrus).

Exemplary compounds that are or act as semiochemicals typically have aformula weight from approximately 80 to approximately 300. In general,such exemplary compounds are volatile. Further, such exemplary compoundstypically have from approximately 5 to approximately 20 carbons. Yetfurther, a relationship may exist between behavior and formula weight.For example, an alarm semiochemical may require quick dispersal to beeffective and hence an alarm semiochemical may be quite volatile and/orhave a formula weight that is less than other types of semiochemicals.In addition, an alarm semiochemical may be ephemeral to ensure durationproportionate to alarm stimulus.

Active space typically refers to a space within which an exemplarycompound concentration is above a threshold level capable of affectinginsect behavior, which is sometimes referred to as a response thresholdlevel. Achieving at least a threshold level, maintaining at least athreshold level and/or reducing to below a threshold level may depend onvolatility, evaporation, diffusion, etc., of an exemplary compound.Active space may be defined with respect to a ratio of moleculesreleased per unit time to a response threshold level in terms ofmolecules per unit volume. This ratio may vary depending on targetbehavior. For example, a sex semiochemical may have a high ratio (e.g.,due to a high release rate), an alarm semiochemical may have a lesserratio and a trail semiochemical may have an even lesser ratio (e.g., dueto a lower release rate). In general, release rate, duration of releaseand frequency of release determine semiochemical reserve and/orsemiochemical production requirements.

Various aforementioned exemplary compounds may correspond to plantsemiochemicals. For example, methyl anthranilate occurs in concordgrapes and geraniol occurs in citrus plants, lemon grass, roses andpalmarosa. Other plant semiochemicals include nerol, lavender absolute,jasmine absolute, and racemic borneol from Dryobalanops aromatica (e.g.,optionally produced synthetically). Yet other plant semiochemicalsinclude benzoin (also known as benzoylphenylcarbinol C₁₀H₁₂O₂, formulaweight approximately 212), dimethyl benzyl carbinol (C₁₀H₁₄O, formulaweight approximately 151), carbonyl acetate, d-limonene (C₁₀H₁₆, formulaweight approximately 136) and dihydrolinalool (C₁₀H₂₀O, formula weightapproximately 156).

Other exemplary compounds include dimethyl substituted oxy methylcyclohexane, oxymethyl cyclohexane, propylidene phthalide,tridecene-2-nitrile, and methyl 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate. Forexample, 2-undecyl acetate has been shown to be a mosquito attractant,ethyl ester of 2-methyl-3-pentenoic acid has been shown to be a housefly attractant and bisabolene has been shown to be a house flyrepellent, alpha-terpineol has been shown to be a sand fly attractantand dimethyl substituted oxymethyl cyclohexene has been shown to be atleast a black fly and mosquito attractant.

It has been shown that beneficial insects, such as Deraeocoris brevis(Uhler) and Orius tristicolor (White) may be attracted to (E)-3-hexenylacetate on sticky cards. In addition it has been shown that Geocorispallens Stal. and hover flies (Syrphidae) were attracted to methylsalicylate baited cards. Stethorus penctum picipes (Casey) was attractedto the exemplary compound methyl salicylate, which has also beendemonstrated to attract green lacewing (Chrysopa nigricornisBermeister). It has also been shown that Thrips hawaiiensis, T.coloratus and Ceranisus menes are attracted to the exemplary compoundmethyl anthranilate. Moreover it has been shown that the exemplarycompound methyl anthranilate did not attract a closely related T. tabacispecies. It has also been shown that methyl anthranilate is alsoattractive to Thaumatomyia glabra (Meigen) flies.

An exemplary compound may affect two different insect speciesdifferently. For example, such a compound may attract a beneficialspecies and repel a detrimental species. In another example, one or moreof exemplary compounds may attract beneficial insects to a plant, animalstructure or space to prey upon detrimental insects. In this example,the detrimental insects are controlled without the use of aninsecticide. In another example, one or more exemplary compounds areused to repel beneficial insects to prevent mortality of the beneficialinsects due to application of an insecticide. In such an example, anexemplary compound might be combined with an insecticide wherein theexemplary compound keeps the beneficial insects away from theinsecticide that is being used to control certain pest species insects.Of course, such an exemplary compound may be applied prior to theinsecticide to drive the beneficial insects out of the plants, animals,structures or spaces prior to the application of an insecticide wherethey may be harmed by its presence.

Exemplary Compositions

An exemplary composition includes one or more exemplary compounds thatcan affect insect behavior and an insecticide. Another exemplarycomposition includes one or more compounds that can affect insectbehavior and an insect mutagen, teratogen and/or other compound that canaffect insect genetics. Various exemplary compositions include one ormore compounds that can affect insect behavior and that can act as abird repellent.

An exemplary composition includes an exemplary compound and a pyrethrinand/or a pyrethroid insect toxin. For example, an exemplary compositionincludes an exemplary compound and lambda-cyhalothrin (marketed asWARRIOR®, Syngenta, Willmington, Del.). Over the years, semisyntheticderivatives of the chrysanthemumic acids have been developed asinsecticides and are referred to generally as pyrethroids. Pyrethroidstend to be more effective than natural pyrethrins while they are lesstoxic to mammals. A common synthetic pyrethroid is allethrin. Asdescribed herein, the term “pyrethrins” refers to the naturalinsecticides derived from, for example, chrysanthemum flowers; the term“pyrethroids” refers to synthetic chemical analogs thereof, and the term“pyrethrum” is a general name covering both pyrethrins and pyrethroids.In general, pyrethroids have formula weights in a range fromapproximately 316 to approximately 374, the range optionally due todifferences in types and amounts of esters in a pyrethrum mixture.

Another exemplary composition includes an exemplary compound andesfenvalerate (marketed as ASANA®, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.,Delaware). Esfenvalerate, also known as(+)Alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(+)-alpha-(4-chlorophenyl)isovalerate,has a formula weight of approximately 420, includes three aromatic sixcarbon rings and has a water solubility of less than approximately 0.3mg/L at approximately 25° C.

Insecticides that may be suitable for use in an exemplary compositioninclude malathion (e.g., also known as S-1,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl0,0-dimethylphosphorodithioate, C₁₀H₁₉O₆PS₂, formula weightapproximately 330); dimethoate (e.g., also known as 0,0-dimethylS-methylcarbamoylmethylphosphorodithioate, C5H12NO3PS2, formula weightapproximately 229); 0,0-dimethyl0-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)-phosphoro-thioate (C8H8CI303PS, formula weightapproximately 322); zeta-cypermethrin (e.g., also known asS-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl(+/−)-cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichloetheny1)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate,formula weight approximately 416); and bifenthrin (e.g., also known as(2-methyl-1,1-biphenyl-3-y1)-methyl-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, formula weight of approximately 423).

An exemplary composition includes an exemplary compound having a formulaweight less than approximately 300 and an insecticide having a formulaweight greater than approximately 300. Such formula weights may bespecific and/or average formula weights. Another exemplary compositionincludes an exemplary compound having a formula weight less thanapproximately 220 and an insecticide having a formula weight of greaterthan approximately 220. Yet another exemplary composition includes anexemplary compound having less than three aromatic rings and aninsecticide having three aromatic rings. In general, a smaller moleculecan access locations more readily than a larger molecule. For example, arelatively hydrophobic exemplary compound (e.g., insoluble or slightwater solubility, especially when not a salt) may more readily accesslocations (e.g., in or on a plant, in or on an insect, etc.) compared toa larger, relatively hydrophobic (e.g., insoluble or slight watersolubility, especially when not a salt) insecticide. Some refer toslight water solubility as a range from 0.1 percent by weight toapproximately 1 percent by weight.

An exemplary composition includes an exemplary compound and an insecttoxin (e.g., insecticide, etc.) wherein the exemplary compound canaffect insect behavior and can act as a bird repellent. For example,methyl anthranilate and o-aminoacetophone can affect insect behavior andcan act as bird repellents. Further, an exemplary composition includesmethyl anthranilate and/or o-aminoacetophone and a pyrethroid insecttoxin. Of course, other combinations are possible wherein one or moreexemplary compounds are selected and used to form a composition thatincludes a pyrethroid insect toxin.

An exemplary composition includes a commercially available productmarketed as BIRDSHIELD™ (Bird Shield Repellent Corp., Spokane, Wash.)having methyl anthranilate as an active ingredient and includes aninsect toxin. Information disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,226, entitled“Bird Repellent Compositions”, is incorporated by reference herein.

Compositions may include other compounds to achieve stability of one ormore exemplary compounds and/or insecticides. Other compounds mayparticipate in structuring compositions (e.g., lamellar, micelles,liquid crystalline, multilamellar vesicles, etc.) and/or facilitatingdispensing, dispersion, time-release, etc.

Exemplary Methods

An exemplary method includes applying one or more exemplary compoundsthat can affect insect behavior to a plant and applying an insect toxinto the plant. Another exemplary method includes applying one or moreexemplary compounds to an animal, a structure and/or a space to affectinsect behavior therein or thereon and applying an insect toxin to thesame animal, structure and/or space. Yet another exemplary methodincludes applying an exemplary composition to a plant, an animal, astructure and/or a space (or proximate to a plant, an animal, astructure and/or a space) wherein the composition includes one or moreexemplary compounds that can affect insect behavior and an insect toxin.Various exemplary methods apply an exemplary compound that can affectinsect behavior and that can act as a bird repellent.

An exemplary method aims to reduce insecticide usage by applying one ormore exemplary compounds and/or an exemplary composition. In general,such a method aims to reduce organic and/or inorganic insecticides usageper application wherein each application aims to control detrimentalinsects and/or pests of forests, agricultural crops, and/or home orgarden horticulture.

Another exemplary method aims to reduce a number of insecticideapplications to achieve pest control by applying one or more exemplary20 compounds and/or an exemplary composition. For example, such anexemplary method may aim to reduce the number of insecticideapplications or treatments required during a growing season of a plantas well as in, on or around animals, structures and spaces. Anotherexemplary method may aim to reduce the amount of insecticide in anexemplary composition required to achieve mortality in targeted insectpest species. Yet another exemplary method may aim to reduce thedetrimental effects on beneficial insects by applying an exemplarycomposition. Another exemplary method may aim to attract beneficialinsects to plants, animals, structures and/or spaces through the use ofthe exemplary compounds in and of themselves to plants, animals,structures and/or spaces.

Yet another exemplary method aims to reduce a need for adhering and/orspreading agents, which are typically used with insecticides. Forexample, the commercially available product marketed as BIRDSHIELD™,which includes the exemplary compound methyl anthranilate, includesfatty acids and/or surfactants. Use of such a product can reduce a needfor adhering and/or spreading agents, for example, in an exemplarycompositions and/or an exemplary method.

Another exemplary method aims to cause insects to experience a change inenvironmental conditions by applying one or more exemplary compoundsand/or an exemplary composition. For example, an exemplary compound maycause an insect to at least partially (e.g., including fully) exit afirst environment and at least partially enter a second environment. Inthis example, the first environment may be in a plant (e.g., in a stem,in a leaf, in a fruit, in a seed, etc.) and the second environment maybe on a plant (e.g., on a stem, on a leaf, on a fruit, on a seed, etc.).Such a change may cause an insect to become exposed to detrimentalenvironmental conditions (e.g., sun, lower or higher temperature,humidity, wind, movement, etc.) and/or to become exposed to predators orbe caused to come in contact with an insecticide or another exemplarycompound. Further, such a change may be irreversible in that an insectmay not or cannot return to the first environment. Where the firstenvironment includes a readily accessible food source, the insect maybecome food deprived. Various reasons exist for insect avoidance ofreentry, including, but not limited to, an unpleasant sensation (e.g.,odor, taste, etc.) or mortality.

Yet another exemplary method aims to expose an insect to an insecticideby applying one or more exemplary compounds and/or an exemplarycomposition. For example, an exemplary compound may cause an insect toat least partially exit a first environment and to enter at leastpartially a second environment wherein the second environment includesan insecticide.

In some instances, an exemplary compound may access a first environmentmore readily than an insecticide. In such instances, the exemplarycompound causes an insect to at least partially exit the firstenvironment and thereby become exposed to an insecticide. In somesituations, the first environment may be considered a sanctuary. Alsoconsider applying an insecticide and an exemplary compound directly toan insect food source where an insect resides at least partially insubstrata of the food source. Upon exposure to the exemplary compound,the insect may emerge from the substrata and contact the insecticide.Once in contact with the insecticide, effectiveness of the insecticide(e.g., mortality rate, etc.) may be increased. Moreover, the quantity oramount of the insecticide required to cause mortality may be reduced.

EXAMPLES Grapes and Fruit Flies

An exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate, was combined with fatty acidand used to attract insects, in particular, fruit flies (Drosophilaspp.). This exemplary compound will also repel at least some birds. Theexemplary compound attracted fruit flies. An exemplary compound, methylanthranilate, was combined with fatty acid and applied to a surface(e.g., a treated surface) of a sticky trap and used to attract and totrap insects, in particular, fruit flies (Drosophilia spp.). Thisexemplary compound will also repel at least some birds.

A trial compared insect attraction for an untreated surface of a stickytrap and with a treated surface of a sticky trap. In less than oneminute, the treated surface was covered with insects while only a fewinsects covered the untreated surface. Further trials demonstrated thatthe entire surface did not need to be treated for the exemplary compoundto attract insects to the sticky trap.

A trial noted that effectiveness of the exemplary compound methylanthranilate may be diminished in a competitive environment. Forexample, grape crushing and/or fermenting may release competitiveagents. Hence, an exemplary method includes applying an exemplarycompound only during periods where crushing and/or fermenting do notoccur or applying an increased concentration or amount of an exemplarycompound during such periods.

Corn and Corn-Borers

An exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate, was combined with fatty acidand applied to crop fields (again, this formulation will also repel atleast some birds), contemporaneously, an insecticide having a pyrethrin,lambda cyalothrin, as an active ingredient was applied to crop fields(e.g., WARRIOR™). Within a day of treatment, corn ear worm larvae (cornear worm (Heliothus zea)) littered the ground. In a trial that did notapply the exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate, and fatty acid, butdid apply the insecticide, pyrethrin, corn ears were still infested witha significant number of corn ear worm larvae.

In another trial, an insecticide that included a pyrethrin, lambdacyalothrin, was applied to crop fields (e.g., WARRIOR™). In this triallimited morbidity of corn ear worm larvae was observed. Later, anexemplary compound, methyl anthranilate, combined with a fatty acid, wasapplied to the same crop field. Within a day, corn ear worm larvaelittered the ground. An exemplary composition included an exemplarycompound, methyl anthranilate, fatty acid and an insecticide thatincluded a pyrethrin, lambda cyalothrin, as an active ingredient (e.g.,WARRIOR™). The exemplary composition was applied to crop fields. Withina day of application, corn ear larvae littered the ground.

Application at or Near Beginning of a Season

An exemplary composition included an exemplary compound and aninsecticide. The exemplary composition was applied to corn crops at thebeginning of a growing season. At the end of the growing season, asignificant improvement in efficacy of an insect control program wasobserved. In particular, the results indicated that a single applicationof an exemplary compound and/or exemplary composition was sufficient tocontrol a certain insect species or group of insect species (e.g.,compared to multiple treatments required in absence of the exemplarycompound). An exemplary method includes applying an exemplary compoundand/or an exemplary composition to crops at or near the beginning of agrowing season. Of course, other application times may be appropriate aswell. In general, such a method can reduce the number of applications ofan insecticide and still achieve a desirable result.

Sunflowers

An insecticide such as ASANA™ (active ingredient esfenvalerate) issuitable for use in controlling banded sunflower moth (Cochylis hospes).An exemplary composition that included an exemplary compound, methylanthranilate (e.g., BIRDSHIELD™), was applied to sunflowers. Afterapplication of the exemplary composition, sunflower heads (e.g., seedcontaining portion of a sunflower plant) were observed for sunflowerseed head larvae and no significant number of seed head larvae wasobserved. In contrast, sunflowers that had an application of insecticideonly, exhibited a significant number of seed head larvae and otherinsects including mites.

An insecticide, ASANA™, was applied to sunflowers. Approximately twoweeks later, an exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate (e.g.,BIRDSHIELD™ at 0.006%) was applied to the same sunflowers. Within aminute of application, sunflower seed head larvae began to appear on thesurface of the sunflowers. The larvae exhibited behavior that includedwiggling and squirming. This behavior caused the larvae to fall off ofthe flower portions of the sunflowers. In addition, the exemplarycompound affected behavior of other insects on the treated sunflowers.For example, insects such as mites and spiders were observed to appearfrom spaces between maturing seeds and to subsequently fall off theflower portion of the sunflowers.

Comparison to DEET

An exemplary composition was compared to N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET).The exemplary composition included an exemplary compound, methylanthranilate (e.g., BIRDSHIELD™ at 0.006% methyl anthranilate), and aninsecticide, esfenvalerate (e.g., ASANA™). A 24% DEET solution is oftenused in a standard evaluation process by entomologists for evaluatingseed weevil (Smicronyx spp.) infestations. In trials, the exemplarycomposition was observed to be as effective as the 24% DEET. No insectswere observed in sunflowers seed heads sprayed with the exemplarycomposition or the 24% solution of (DEET).

Trials with an Exemplary Compound

Trials involved applying an exemplary compound to larvae in a laboratorygrowing medium. Trials demonstrated that the exemplary compound affectedinsect behavior.

An exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate (e.g., BIRDSHIELD™) wasapplied to insects that were first allowed to adapt to a laboratoryenvironment. A control group of insects were not exposed to theexemplary compound. Observations indicated that those in the controlgroup remained in their laboratory growing medium while those exposed tothe exemplary compound emerged quickly from the laboratory growingmedium and began wiggling about.

Colonies of house flies (Drosophila melanogater) were selected forsubsequent placement in covered Petri dishes wherein each Petri dish wasdivided into three sections. One of the sections, a center section, wasused as a control. An exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate (e.g.,BIRDSHIELD™ at 0.006%) was applied to a piece of filter paper and placedin a first section while an organic solvent (e.g., deionized water), wasapplied to another piece of filter paper and placed in second section.Flies were then released into the center control section and lids wereplaced on the Petri dishes. Within one hour observations indicated thatthe flies avoided the section treated with the exemplary compound,methyl anthranilate, and preferred to reside in the solvent section.

More specifically, 100 captive flies were used and the sections wereapproximately equal in size, e.g., 33% of total space per section. Flieswere released into the neutral zone of each Petri dish and monitoredafter 15 minutes and one hour. The results indicate that the fliesavoided the treated areas at concentrations of approximately 0.25% andapproximately 0.025%, while the response of the flies to the treatedareas was somewhat neutral at concentrations of approximately 0.0025%and relatively neutral at approximately 0.00025%. The resultsdemonstrate that the exemplary compound methyl anthranilate hasstimulating properties which cause insects to move from one area toanother.

Trapping (e.g., Stick Trap Analog)

Trials were performed using an exemplary compound as part of a trappingdevice (e.g., a glue coated cardboard surface). Five traps were eachtreated with a 1 ml solution of 0.0156%, 0.03125%, 0.0625%, 0.125% and0.25% methyl anthranilate, respectively. The treated traps were thenplaced at relatively random locations in a field. An untreated trap wasplaced adjacent to each treated trap and the number of insects adheredto each trap recorded as a function of time. Table 1 lists the resultsof this trial.

TABLE 1 Exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate. 1 min 5 min 10 min 20min Percent Concentration 0.0156 3 22 75 >75 0.0313 5 15 68 >68 0.0625 735 128 >128 0.1250 15 62 256 >256 0.2500 43 84 346 >346 Untreated TrapNo. 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0

An exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate (e.g. Bird Shield™) wasapplied at 0.025% concentration to a three foot by one foot (threesquare feet) section of aluminum siding (treated section) and comparedwith a equal sized section of aluminum siding (untreated section) on theside of a building. Approximately 23 to 25 house flies (D. melanogater)had landed and were resting on each section. Immediately after theapplication of the exemplary compound to the treated section all of theflies departed. All of the flies on the untreated section remained.Thirty minutes after the application of the exemplary compound,approximately 30 flies attempted to land on the treated section within afive minute period of time but did not remain more than 6 to 8 secondsbefore leaving the area. Twenty-three flies remained on the adjacentuntreated section. One hour after the application of the exemplarycompound no flies were observed trying to land on the treated sectionwhile 15 flies remained on the untreated section. Twenty-four hoursafter the application of the exemplary compound no flies were observedon the treated section while 24 flies were recorded for the untreatedsection.

Applying Exemplary Compound after Applying Insecticide—Corn

An exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate, was applied to sweet cornafter the crop had been treated with an insecticide (e.g., the pyrethrininsecticide WARRIOR™) to control corn ear worm (Heliothus zea). Prior toapplication of the exemplary compound, few if any larvae, whichtypically reside in the developing ear, were observed on the groundaround the corn stalks.

After applying the exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate, at aconcentration of approximately 4.5 oz. (127 g) per acre by aircraft, asignificant number of insects were observed on the ground around thecorn stalks. At harvest, approximately 2% of the corn plants treatedwith the insecticide alone (e.g., WARRIOR™) were observed to contain earworms while observations of the corn plants treated with the insecticide(e.g., WARRIOR™) and the exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate,indicated that they did not contain any significant number of worms inthe corn ears.

Applying an Exemplary Composition—Corn

An exemplary composition included an insecticide (e.g., the pyrethrininsecticide WARRIOR™) and an exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate. Anexemplary method included applying the exemplary composition at a rateof approximately 4.5 oz. (127 g) of the exemplary compound per acre tosweet corn. Twenty-four hours after the application of the exemplarycomposition, the ground around the corn stalks was found to be litteredwith dead corn ear worm larvae. No corn ear worm larvae were found inthe ears of corn treated with the exemplary composition. Corn that hadnot been treated with the exemplary composition contained one to fivecorn ear worm larvae per ear of corn, even after treatment with theinsecticide (e.g., the pyrethrin insecticide WARRIOR™) alone.

Applying an Exemplary Composition—Sunflowers

An exemplary composition included an insecticide (e.g., the pyrethrininsecticide WARRIOR™) and an exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate. Anexemplary method included applying the exemplary composition at a rateof approximately 4.5 oz. (127 g) of the exemplary compound per acre tosunflowers in an effort to control banded sunflower moth (Cochylishospes).

Twenty-four hours after the application of the exemplary composition,the ground around the treated sunflowers was found to be littered withdead sunflower moth larvae. No banded sunflower moth larvae were foundin the flowers treated with the exemplary composition, even seven dayspost-treatment. Sunflowers that had not been treated with the exemplarycomposition contained a significant number of (e.g., numerous) bandedsunflower moth larvae, even after treatment with the insecticide (e.g.,the pyrethrin insecticide WARRIOR™) alone.

Exemplary Comparison to DEET—Sunflowers

An exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate, was combined with long chainfatty acids and, in a trial, effectiveness of the mixture was comparedto that of N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET, which has a formula weight ofapproximately 191 and a water solubility of approximately 912 mg/L at25° C.). DEET is often used by entomologists in standard procedures todraw sunflower seed weevils (Smicronyx spp.) out of the heads ofsunflowers. In this trial, DEET was provided in the commerciallyavailable product DEEP WOODS OFF™ repellent (S.C. Johnson and Son's,Racine, Wis.), which has approximately 28.5% active ingredient; 1.5%other isomers and 70% inert ingredients. Forty-two flowers were randomlyselected from interiors of three fields. One-half of the flowers weresprayed with the DEET containing repellent while the remaining flowerswere sprayed with the exemplary compound at a concentration ofapproximately 0.00312% methyl anthranilate, which was combined with longchained fatty acids. The number of sunflower weevils was recorded. Theresults are presented in Table 2 and indicate that the exemplarycompound, methyl anthranilate, was generally more effective than DEET,given the aforementioned conditions.

TABLE 2 Comparison to DEET product. DEET Methyl Anthranilate Number ofinsects Number of insects Field No. 1 Flower No.  1 5 8  2 8 6  3 6 0  44 1  5 3 2  6 0 6  7 1 5  8 6 17  9 5 16 10 3 7 Total 44; Mean = 4.4Total = 68; Mean 6.8 Field No. 2 Flower No. 1 7 23 2 18 24 3 12 26 Total= 37; Mean = 12 Total = 72; Mean = 24 Field No. 3 Flower No. 1 19 11 211 14 3 6 10 4 7 8 5 4 4 6 16 9 7 9 7 8 14 4 Total = 86; Mean = 10.3Total = 67; Mean = 8.4Applying an Exemplary Compound—Sunflowers

An exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate, was combined with long chainfatty acids. An exemplary method applied the mixture to fifteen maturingsunflowers in the interior of two fields that were previously sprayedwith an insecticide, esfenvalerate (e.g., the insecticide productASANA™). The mixture that included the exemplary compound was applied byspraying the mixture across the head of each flower (e.g., where seedsexist). The number of striped sunflower head moth larvae and weevils,emerging from the seeds, was recorded. The results presented in Table 3indicate that the exemplary compound as included in the mixture was notonly successful in drawing striped sunflower head math larvae out of theseeds but adult weevils as well after the crop had been treated with theinsecticide alone.

TABLE 3 Exemplary Compound and Sunflowers Number of Number of Field No.1 Moth Adult Field No 2 Moth Adult Flower No. Larvae Weevils Flower No.Larvae Weevils 1 1 2 1 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 6 3 1 0 3 1 1 4 1 0 4 1 0 5 0 1 5 30 6 0 0 6 0 0 7 1 0 7 1 0 Total 4 3 6 8 Mean 0.57 0.43 0.86 1.14Applying Exemplary Compound after Exemplary Composition

An exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate, was combined with long chainfatty acids. The exemplary compound, as mixed with the fatty acids, wasapplied to three fields of maturing sunflowers. Each of the fields hadpreviously been treated with an exemplary composition that included anexemplary compound, methyl anthranilate (approx. 4.5 oz per acre mixedwith long chain fatty acids) and an insecticide, in this example,esfenvalerate (approx. 8 oz per acre using the insecticide productASANA™). Ten flowers were randomly selected from the interior of eachfield and one-half of the seed heads were sprayed with DEET and one-halfsprayed with the exemplary compound at a concentration of approximately0.00312% methyl anthranilate, which was in a mixture that included longchain fatty acids. Spraying sprayed across the head of each flower. Thenumber of striped sunflower head moth larvae, emerging from the seeds,was recorded. The results presented in Table 4 indicate a high level ofeffectiveness of the exemplary compound when applied after an exemplarycomposition.

TABLE 4 Exemplary Compound and Insecticide Field No. 1 Field No. 2 FieldNo. 3 Number of Number of Number of Flower No. Larvae Larvae Larvae 1 00 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 7 0 0 0Exemplary Compound—Mosquitoes

An exemplary compound, methyl anthranilate was compared in trials todetermine effectiveness of the exemplary compound relative toeffectiveness of N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET, which has a formulaweight of approximately 191 and a water solubility of approximately 912mg/L at 25° C.). In these trials, DEET was provided in the commerciallyavailable product DEEP WOODS OFF™ repellent (S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc.,Racine, Wis.), which has approximately 28.5% active ingredient; 1.5%other isomers and 70% inert ingredients.

In a first trial, a human subject was exposed to a mosquito (Aedesaegyptis) rich environment without application of the exemplary compoundor DEET. Within less than one minute the subject was covered with theinsects. In a second trial, the subject sprayed one unclothed arm withthe exemplary compound at a rate of 0.00312% and the other unclothed armwith DEET at a concentration of 0.24%. The subject's head remaineduntreated. Upon returning to the test area, the subject's head wascovered with the insects within one minute. No mosquitoes were found oneither arm of the subject treated with either methyl anthranilate orDEET. In a third trial the subject, after removing the DEET from his/herbody, reapplied the exemplary compound to unclothed arms, head and neckbefore returning to the test area. The subject returned to and remainedin the test area for more than one hour without any of the insectslanding on his/her arms, hands and head while numerous insects wereobserved on the clothed portions of his/her anatomy. This particularexample, demonstrated that the exemplary compound methyl anthranilatewas as effective as DEET and at a lower concentrations when it was usedas a mosquito repellent.

Exemplary Treatment of Insect Nests

As already mentioned, various aforementioned exemplary compounds thatinclude a nitrogen atom have been shown to affect insect behavior. Forexample, methyl anthranilate and methyl nicotinate are insectsemiochemicals released from the postpygidial gland of worker Africanarmy ants (e.g., Aenictinae Aenictus sp. nova, other Aenictus, etc.) ando-aminoacetophenone is an insect semiochemical released from queen honeybees (e.g., Apis mellifera L., other Apis, etc.) and apparently not fromworker bees.

An exemplary method includes applying an exemplary compound or anexemplary composition to an insect nest. For example, a trial appliedmethyl anthranilate, in a diluted form, to an ant nest and uponobservation at about 24 hours post-application, no ant activity wasobserved at the site of the nest.

An exemplary method includes dispersing insects from a nest by applyingan insect semiochemical to the nest or proximate to the nest. Forexample, such semiochemicals may be “trail” chemicals. Once the groundor nest region is “polluted” by such chemicals, deposition of suchchemicals by insects no longer serves to clearly mark a trail.

Exemplary Treatment of Ground

An exemplary method includes applying an exemplary compound orcomposition to the ground to thereby discourage insect traffic ordeposition of insect semiochemicals. For example, where an exemplarycompound is applied to the ground, the ground is not readily furthermarked by an insect semiochemical. A trial was performed where anexemplary compound (methyl anthranilate) was applied to the ground toform a boundary. Upon observation, ants did not cross this boundary.

Exemplary Treatment of Large Storage Structures

An exemplary method includes positioning a container in a large storagestructure (e.g., storage building, a barn, a hanger, a silo, etc.)wherein the container contains an exemplary compound (e.g., methylanthranilate). In this example, release of the compound occurs overtime.

A trial was performed where a 2.5 gallon HDPE container at leastpartially filled with methyl anthranilate was positioned in an aircrafthanger that also had a population of birds that would leaving guano(e.g., on aircraft). After placement of the container containing thecompound in the hanger, bird population dwindled and the aircraftexperienced a significant drop in surface guano.

Exemplary Time Release Devices

While the HDPE container has already been mentioned, other exemplarytime release devices include porous bodies or other bodies that cancontain an exemplary compound and release the exemplary compound overtime.

An exemplary device is a tube with a permeable wall. The tube is filledwith an exemplary compound such as, but not limited to, methylanthranilate. The tube is then used to form a boundary. For example, agarden prone to ants may be protected by placing the exemplary timerelease device around the garden. The device may be surface positionedor buried. The effect of the time release device is to deter insectsand/or birds.

An exemplary container includes a formulation that comprises methylanthranilate, fatty acid and monoethanol amine or triethanolaminewherein the container allows for time release of the formulation over aperiod of one month or more. Other containers and formulations arepossible as well.

Exemplary Formulations Including One or More Amines

Exemplary formulations include an exemplary compound and one or moreother components. An exemplary formulation may be an emulsion, forexample, a multiphase mixture. Molecules that act as surface activeagents, i.e., surfactants, are useful in forming emulsions. An exemplaryformulation may be or include an exemplary composition.

In one example, an emulsion is provided as a bird repellant. In thisexample, the emulsion includes an exemplary compound that repels birds(e.g., methyl anthranilate). Upon application, the emulsion isconfigured to deter birds from various agricultural crops such as seedcrops and edibles, including berries, corn, grapes, newly planted seeds,ripening grain crops, etc. The odor and/or taste of the emulsion maycause the birds to avoid such crops; other applications are possiblewhere deterrence of birds is desired. For example, the emulsion may beapplied to harvested and/or stored crops, such as corn or grain, toother birds, to physical spaces including bird-nesting areas, barns,animal boarding facilities, grassy areas such as parks, sports fields,etc. In various other instances, the emulsion is provided to affectinsects and optionally repel birds.

In one specific example described in detail herein, amine functionalagents may be mixed with any suitable repellant compound. For example,consider the aforementioned amine agents monoethanolamine,diethanolamine, and triethanolamine. An exemplary formulation mayoptionally use a combination of an amine agent and a metal agent (e.g.,NaOH, KOH, etc.).

Exemplary repellants include compounds using the active ingredient inU.S. Pat. No. 2,967,128 to Kare, as well as other suitable birdrepellant compounds, including, but not limited to, benzoic derivativesof esters of anthranilic acids, esters of phenylacetic acid, or dimethylbenzyl carbonyl acetate. Exemplary repellants for use in the emulsiondisclosed herein include the following compounds and combinations ofthese compounds: methyl anthranilate, dimethyl anthranilate, ortho-aminoacetophenonone, 2-amino-1,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratroyl amine,cinnamic aldehyde or esters.

The repellants, such as methyl anthranilate, when applied directly toplants exhibits various levels of phytotoxicity (plant toxicity).Moreover, various repellants may be light sensitive such that exposureto light may result in loss of primary odor and taste repellantproperties.

The use of an emulsification agent with the repellent enablesemulsification of the repellant, such as methyl anthranilate, in anaqueous medium. Of course, phases may have varioushydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics (e.g., oil-in-oil, oil-in-water,water-in-oil, etc). The repellant may be contained within micelles orglobules formed around the repellant by the emulsification agent.

An exemplary formulation optionally includes liquid crystal structures.For example, multilamellar bodies can be formed using surfactants wherephases of a mixture are stabilized. Cross-polar microscopy and othertechniques are useful for examining such bodies. Specialized polymerscan also help to stabilize liquid crystalline structures.

The emulsification of the repellant may prevent the direct contact ofthe repellant with the physical surface of the crops, and therefore,reduces the phytotoxic effects of the repellant. Although the repellantmay be contained in a micelle within an emulsion, the potentness of therepellant, as a bird repellant, is substantially retained. Further,depending on specifics of formulation, time release may be achievedthrough judicious choice of formulation components.

As described in more detail below, an exemplary method and compositionis provided which includes providing a repellant and an amineemulsifying agent. The method further includes adding the amineemulsifying agent to the repellant to generate a stable, ready-to-applyemulsification. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments, theamine emulsifying agent may be provided alone or in combination withother types of emulsifying agents, such as alkali metal salts. Moreover,an amine emulsifying agent may be added to preformulated repellants orpreviously mixed emulsions; to improve the stability of the priorproducts.

Various amine functional agent (also referred to herein as an amineemulsifying agent) may be used. For example, mono, di- andtri-substituted alkanolamines and mono, di and tri substituted alkylamines may be used. Additionally, cyclic aliphatic and aromatic amines,including mono and multi-substituted cyclic amine compounds may be used.For example, heterocyclic amines with ring or side chain aminefunctionality may be used.

Two specific amine agents are triethanloamine and methyl anthranilate,however other suitable amine functional agents are considered and may beused without departing from the scope of the disclosure: It should benoted that methyl anthranilate, in addition to be a repellant, may alsobe useful as an amine agent for making the amine emulsifying agent (e.g.the salt) described above.

In other words, the emulsion may be understood to be a mixture of arepellant and an anionic salt of an amine or mixtures of amines (andoptionally one or more alkali metal) and a fatty acid or mixtures offatty acids. While fatty acids are mentioned, anionic surfactants may beused. For example, an acid form of an anionic surfactant may beneutralized with an amine or other agent to form a salt.

The amine may react with the fatty acid in an appropriate stoichiometricratio to form a soap-like material. This soap-like material is asuitable emulsification agent for the product described herein.Typically, the fatty acid may be a 010 to 018 fatty acid, however it ispossible to use fatty acids with longer and/or shorter carbon chains.The fatty acid may be a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid and thecarbon atoms in the fatty acid may be linear, cyclic, and/or branchedcarbon chains, or combinations thereof.

An exemplary product is 2-aminobenzoic acid methyl ester (methylanthranilate). When the product is added to an amine-based soap, anemulsion is formed with an evenly distributed composition having littleor no propensity for separation either in the concentrated or dilutedform. Other suitable mixtures of a repellant and an amine emulsificationagent may be used without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

The composition of the emulsion may be provided in a wide range ofweight or volume ratios. Further, the amount of emulsifying agent maydepend on the type of application. Similarly, the level of dilution ofthe product may depend on the application. For example, the amount ofemulsifying agent may be balanced based on the individual plantphytotoxic levels and the application time period relative to harvest orexposure to birds.

As an example and not as a limitation, an emulsion may be provided with1:500 to 1:1 repellant to fatty acid salt ratio.

As briefly mentioned above, typically the composition (repellant andemulsifying agent) may be diluted using an aqueous solution, such aswater or other carrier or dispersal agent. Dilution may occur by farmworkers immediately prior to application. Alternatively, since theproduct remains stable, the product may be diluted substantially earlierthan an intended application. Moreover, the product may be stored in thediluted state for use in the future. Depending on the application, oncediluted to a select amount, the product may be applied to the desiredcrops, surface, etc. Any suitable dispenser may be used to apply theproduct. For example, portable sprayers, sprinklers, crop dusters, etc.may be used to apply the product.

While the foregoing mentions a repellant as an exemplary compound in aformulation, again, an exemplary compound may act to affect insectbehavior.

The amino agent, which when formed into a fatty acid soap by associationof the amine function with the fatty acid, provides a stable emulsionwhich does not separate significantly on standing or storage. Such aformulation provides more stability then prior emulsions whereby alkalimetal salts are used in similar formulations with fatty acids. Forexample, the formulation is an improvement to the emulsion disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 5,296,226 to Askham and incorporated by reference above.It should be appreciated that, unlike prior formulations, the disclosedemulsion due to use of the amine functional group, is stable in both apre-diluted form and a diluted form and does not easily separate out.For example, the emulsion typically is stable over a wide range oftemperatures and temperature fluctuations and for extended period oftimes.

Where time release of an exemplary compound is to occur, stability ofthe compound in the formulation is generally desired. Thus, an exemplaryformulation may be stable for an extended period of time without theexemplary compound and stable for an extended period of time (e.g.,months) with the exemplary compound. Thus, as the exemplary compoundleaves the formulation (e.g., via evaporation), the formulation remainsstable. In other words, in this example, the formulation does not becomeunstable due to a change in concentration of the exemplary compound(e.g., methyl anthranilate).

FIGS. 1-4 further illustrate the stability characteristics of thedisclosed amine emulsion. Specifically, FIG. 1 is a photograph comparinga bird repellant product with an emulsion using an alkali metal saltwith an emulsion using an amine-based functional group. Both productswere made approximately one-month prior to the photograph. As shown, thealkali metal salt emulsion has significant separation, while theamine-based emulsion remains stable and substantially unseparated.Similarly, FIG. 2 is a photograph showing the separation of aconventional bird repellant with an emulsion using an alkali metal saltafter over a year of storage.

FIG. 3 further is provided to show a triethanolamine emulsion after ayear of storage. FIG. 3 further shows a methyl anthranilate emulsionadded to a standard alkali metal bird repellant emulsion after over, ayear of storage. FIG. 4 is a photograph showing a triethanolamineemulsion diluted to a particular application strength. It should benoted that the product has not separated and retains its emulsifiedstate upon dilution.

Long-term storage of the emulsion is possible due to the stability ofthe emulsion. Since the emulsion is able to retain its emulsified state,the product may remain mixed and ready to use as it sits on a shelf.Unlike prior bird repellants, including compositions using alkali metalsalts, which upon a short period separated out, the present emulsionretains the emulsified state and does not require mixing to attempt torecombine the product. In instances of extreme conditions where someseparation does occur, re-emulsification may occur with a minimal amountof energy input (e.g., heating, shaking, re-stirring, etc.).

During storage, temperatures at or below 40 degrees Fahrenheit mayresult in some precipitation of the product. The repellant, such asmethyl anthranilate, typically will crystallize out at suchtemperatures. However, unlike alkali metal salt emulsions whereseparation of the emulsion prior to crystallization causesre-emulsification to be difficult, re-emulsification of amine anionicsalt emulsions may occur more easily upon warming of the product.

Various exemplary formulations may be easier to apply and use inagricultural settings then prior bird repellant formulations.Specifically, an exemplary formulation, when formulated as an emulsion,typically retains its emulsified state without separation upon dilutionto a concentration suitable for agricultural application. By remainingin the emulsified state, the emulsion may be ready to apply withoutsignificant mixing required. Thus, farm workers do not need to spendsignificant periods of time attempting to mix the product prior toapplication or during application. Moreover, machinery for applicationof the product is simplified due to the minimal mixing requirements ofthe product since the emulsified state of the product is substantiallyretained. In other words, the maintenance of the emulsified state duringdilution enables ready-to-use product for application.

With respect to application via a spray system, surface tension andother properties are optionally adjusted for optimal spraying (e.g.,spray angle, spray pressure, etc.). In general, as the surface tensiondecreases, the spray angle increases. Further, breakup and droplet sizeare typically affected by the surface tension of the formulationsprayed. Other concerns for longevity of spray equipment may also betaken into affect. For example, where foaming is an issue, an exemplaryformulation may include an antifoam agent.

Various exemplary formulations optionally have a lower pH value thanprior bird repellants. For example, in conventional emulsions made withalkali metal salts, the pH value of such solutions may be 9.6 (see,e.g., Askham). However, the emulsion made with anion salts of amines canbe adjusted to have a lower pH, for example, of about 7.8. The lower pHmay make use of the product safer. For example, the lower pH product maybe less of an irritant to the skin and eyes then previous products.

Testing was done to confirm that an exemplary formulation, formulated asan amine emulsion, was as effective as other bird repellant products.Exemplary field tests include preliminary results finding the absence ofphytotoxicty when the above product was applied to sunflowers at up totwo times normal application rate. Moreover, field tests reported thatapplication of the product to wild-rice and sweet corn had similarresults as emulsions using alkali metal salts in regards tobird-repellency effects.

An exemplary formulation may further be used in other applications,including, but not limited to, use to affect insect behavior, use withinsecticides, use as a flavor-dispersing agent, etc. For example, anexemplary emulsion may be used in the preparation of a mixture ofinsecticides. Many insects communicate with pheromones. Pheromones caninclude terpenoids, aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, esters, etc. Suchpheromones may be sex attractants, alarm pheromones, aggregationpheromones, trail pheromones and the like. In addition, various birdrepellant products have been approved by regulatory agencies for mixingwith bacillus thuringensis, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides.

The presently disclosed amine functional emulsification agents may beused in the preparation of mixtures of insecticides and the alarmpheromone methyl anthranilate. It should be noted that methylanthranilate in addition to being a bird repellant is also useful as analarm pheromone for many classes of insects. Use of these emulsions asdispersing agents for pheromones, alone or in conjunction withrepellants, may provide the same protection from separation,phytotoxicty and the benefits of a mild pH as described for the birdrepellant function.

As another example, surface-active agents, including emulsifying agents,may be useful as flavor-dispersing and/or flavor-enhancing agents. Forexample, emulsifying agents, including potassium salts have beendescribed as useful surface-active agents for flavor-dispersing agentsin U.S. Pat. No. 4,284,654 to Trenkle et al., the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference for all purposes. Use of the presentlydisclosed amine emulsion may provide an improved flavor-dispersing agentas it provides a more stable composition that may be more readilyapplied, stored, and used then previous surface-active agents. Moreover,the lower pH of the emulsion may enhance or aid in introducing flavor toa target product, such as edibles and the like.

An exemplary formulation may include methyl anthranilate, fatty acid andan amine agent that can form a surfactant with the fatty acid (e.g.,monoethanolamine, triethanolamine, etc.). Such an exemplary formulationoptionally includes sulfite. The fatty acid optionally includessaturated fatty acid, predominantly saturated fatty acid or onlysaturated fatty acid (i.e., no unsaturated fatty acid). Such anexemplary formulation may be in the form of an emulsion. Such anexemplary formulation may include water and/or an antifoam agent. Suchformulation optionally has a mass percentage of methyl anthranilate thatexceeds approximately 10% of the total formulation mass. Such aformulation optionally has a pH is less than about 8.

An exemplary method of making a formulation includes providingingredients water, fatty acid, one or more amine agents (e.g.,monoethanolamine, triethanolamine, etc.), methyl anthranilate or otherinsect affecting compound or bird affecting compound and optionally oneor more other ingredients. The exemplary method includes mixing thevarious ingredients, optionally in a manner whereby the fatty acid isnot exposed to a pH that could cause degradation of the fatty acid tocarbonyls, for example, not exposing the fatty acid to a pH greater thanabout 9. Of course, time/pH or other factors may be taken into account(e.g., temperature, etc.). The exemplary method optionally employsmixing in an environment with an oxygen concentration less thanatmospheric. Other ingredients optionally include sulfite where thesulfite may inhibits Schiff base formation in the formulation (e.g.,carbonyl amine reactions, especially where methyl anthranilate isinvolved).

The exemplary formulation made by this example method is optionallyapplied to an ant nest, other insect nest, the ground, etc. Such anexemplary formulation is optionally contained in a time releasecontainer that releases the methyl anthranilate over a period of months.Further, as the concentration of methyl anthranilate decreases, theformulation may remain stable. The formulation according to such anexemplary method is optionally an emulsion. The formulation according tosuch an exemplary method optionally has a mass percentage of methylanthranilate that exceeds approximately 10% of the total mass of theformulation. The fatty acid of this exemplary method optionally includessaturated fatty acid.

Example Exemplary Formulation

An example formulation included water (300 ml), triethanolamine (TEA 15g), E-610 fatty acid (FA 28 g), antifoam agent (AF 1 g), methylanthranilate (MA 50 g, e.g., about 12.7%). The formulation was made in ablender where water was added. Upon stirring the triethanolamine wasadded followed by the antifoam agent. The fatty acid was added slowly(approx. average molecular weight 278). A clear solution resulted. Thenthe methyl anthranilate was added slowly and the mixture stirred forabout 1 minute. At about 4 months the formulation was stable with aslight yellowing. At about 10 months, the formulation was stable.

Another example formulation included water (250 ml), TEA 10.7 g, FA 2010 g, AF 1 g and MA 90 g. Yet another example formulation included water(250 ml), TEA 17.9 g, FA 33.4 g, AF 1 g, and MA 90 g (about 20%). Thisformulation was thick and viscous and 50 ml of water was added to thin.Another example formulation included water (250 ml), diethanolamine 12.6g, FA 33.4 g, AF 1 g, and MA 47 g. More water was added before MAaddition (70 ml). Another 15 example included water (6,000 ml), TEA 385g, FA 668 g, and MA 1,800 g (about 20%). These examples exhibitedemulsion stability and were tested as “acceptable” for phytotoxicity ina diluted form.

Additional Exemplary Formulations

An article by Leong and Bettens, “Modeling the Maillard Reaction: SchiffBase Formation”, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1043: 890 (2005), discusses Schiffbase formation whereby an amine and a carbonyl (e.g., aldehyde orketone) react and to produce colored products. Sometimes this isreferred to as nonenzymatic browning. Schiff base formation is pHdependent and is known to occur slowly under acid conditions. Anexemplary formulation may avoid or reduce occurrence of Schiff base (orassociated reactions) in various manners.

The exemplary compound methyl anthranilate is known to participate inSchiff base reactions. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,853,369 entitled“Schiff base reaction product of ethyl vanillin and methyl anthranilateand organoleptic uses thereof”, which is incorporated by referenceherein, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,840,801, entitled “Use of Schiff basereaction product of methyl anthranilate and canthoxal in augmenting orenhancing aroma or taste of foodstuff or chewing gum”, which isincorporated by reference herein. Thus, an exemplary formulation thatincludes methyl anthranilate or other exemplary compound optionallyincludes one or more components that act to minimize or reduce Schiffbase reactions involving the exemplary compound. Yet further,minimization or reduction of such reactions may occur throughpreparation techniques (e.g., sequence of events, controlled atmosphere,cooling, heating, pH control, etc.).

U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,644, entitled “Aqueous built liquid detergentscontaining a sulfite salt to inhibit color alteration caused by mixtureof alkanolamines and perfumes”, which is incorporated by referenceherein, discloses use of sulfite or sulfiting agent in a laundrydetergent that includes an alkanolamine component. An exemplaryformulation optionally includes such a sulfite or sulfiting agent topreserve the formulation (e.g., color or other aspect).

An exemplary formulation includes a sulfite or sulfiting agent.Sulfiting agents (sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfite, sodium and potassiumbisulfites and metabisulfites) have been added to many foods to preventenzymatic and nonenzymatic browning; control growth of microorganisms;act as bleaching agents, antioxidants, or reducing agents; and carry outvarious other technical functions. Sulfites inhibit nonenzymaticbrowning by reacting with carbonyl intermediates, thereby preventingtheir further reaction to form brown pigments.

Fatty acids can degrade via various mechanisms. For example, fatty acidscan degrade via oxidation as is common in spoilage of foodstuffs.Atmospheric oxygen or other sources of oxygen participate inautoxidation reactions that cause degradation of fatty acids. Cleavageproducts which have been identified after autoxidation of fatty acidsinclude saturated straight chain carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acidsand a variety of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones (see, e.g., Mittet,“The Degradation of Tall Oil Fatty Acids by Molecular Oxygen in AlkalineMedia”, PhD Dissertation, The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton,Wis., January 1979, which is incorporated by reference herein). Variousproducts of fatty acid degradation can therefore participate in Schiffbase reactions with an amine or amines. An exemplary method includesmixing an exemplary formulation in a reduced oxygen environment or in amanner that does not increase oxygen concentration in components due toatmospheric oxygen. Further, a container optionally prevents or limitsoxygen transfer from the surroundings to the exemplary formulationcontained in the container.

Other common initiators of fatty acid degradation are free radicals andultraviolet light. Thus, a colored container, an opaque container, etc.,may be used to diminish exposure of fatty acids in an exemplaryformulation to UV radiation.

An exemplary formulation includes saturated fatty acids. Saturated fattyacids and their esters tend to be more resistant to reaction withoxygen-alkali compared to unsaturated fatty acids. While all fatty acidsare subject to reaction with oxygen, saturated fatty acids tend to beautoxidized very slowly unless relatively severe conditions are imposed.Since saturated fatty acids do not contain carbon-carbon double bonds,the oxidations are not as specific as analogous reactions involvingunsaturated compounds. Saturated fatty acids include, but are notlimited to, CH₃(CH₂)₁₀CO₂H (lauric acid, MP 45° C.), CH₃(CH₂)₁₂CO₂H(myristic acid, MP 55° C.), CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CO₂H (palmitic acid, MP 63° C.),CH₃(CH₂)₁₆CO₂H (stearic acid, MP 69° C.), CH₃(CH₂)₁₈CO₂H (arachidicacid, MP 76° C.). An exemplary formulation optionally uses saturatedfatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, or a mix of saturated andunsaturated fatty acids.

1. A method of making a stable formulation for affecting insects, birdsor insects and birds, the method comprising: providing water; providingfatty acid; providing triethanolamine to achieve a mass percentage oftriethanolamine that exceeds approximately 2.8% of the total mass of theformulation; providing methyl anthranilate sufficient to achieve a masspercentage of methyl anthranilate that exceeds approximately 10% of thetotal mass of the formulation; and mixing portions of the water, thefatty acid, the triethanolamine and the methyl anthranilate in a mannerwhereby the fatty acid is not exposed to a mixture pH greater than about9 and whereby at least some of the fatty acid and at least some of thetriethanolamine form a surfactant to enhance formulation stability as aconcentrated formulation and as a diluted formulation.
 2. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the mixing occurs in an environment with an oxygenconcentration less than atmospheric.
 3. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising providing sulfite.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein theproviding sulfite inhibits Schiff base formation in the formulation. 5.The method of claim 1 further comprising applying the formulation to anant nest.
 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising containing theformulation in a time release container that releases the methylanthranilate over a period of months.
 7. The method of claim 6 whereinas the concentration of methyl anthranilate decreases, the formulationremains stable.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the formulationcomprises an emulsion.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the fatty acidcomprises saturated fatty acid.
 10. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising providing at least one alkali metal salt that comprises ametal selected from a group consisting of sodium and potassium andadding the at least one alkali metal salt to the formulation.
 11. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising diluting the formulation to providea diluted formulation.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the dilutedformulation comprises acceptable phytotoxicity for applying to a crop.13. The method of claim 11 wherein the diluted formulation comprisesmicelles.
 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the formulation comprises anemulsion and further comprising storing the formulation at a temperatureat or below 40 degrees Fahrenheit.
 15. The method of claim 14 furthercomprising re-emulsifying the formulation wherein the re-emulsifyingcomprises heating the formulation.